Synthesis of N,N'-alkylidene bisamides and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction derivatives with Pd organometallic catalyst anchored to channels of mesoporous silica MCM-41.

At first, an organometallic catalyst namely, Pd-DPyE@MCM-41@MNP was prepared through magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles-doped into channels of mesoporous silica MCM-41 and then, anchoring a novel complex composed of di(4-pyridyl)ethylene and palladium on the inner surface of the support. This immobilized catalyst was successfully identified via VSM, ICP-OES, TEM, FTIR, TGA, SEM, BET, XRD, EDX and elemental mapping analyses. After that, it was used as a versatile, heterogeneous, and magnetically reproducible catalyst in the generation of N,N'-alkylidene bisamides (1a-13a, 8-20 min, 90-98%, 50 °C, solvent-free) and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) reaction derivatives (1b-26b, 10-140 min, 86-98%, 60 °C, PEG-400). The VSM plot of Pd-DPyE@MCM-41@MNP displays that this nanocatalyst can be easily recycled by applying an external magnetic field. In both synthetic paths, this nanocatalyst was reused at least seven times without palladium leaching and significantly reducing its catalytic performance. Also, stability and heterogeneous nature of catalyst were approved via ICP-OES technique and hot filtration test.

Palladium anchored to BisPyP@bilayer-SiO2@NMP organic-inorganic hybrid as an efficient and recoverable novel nanocatalyst in suzuki and stille C-C coupling reactions.

The palladium anchored to BisPyP@bilayer-SiO2@NMP organic-inorganic hybrid was employed as an effective and recyclable organometallic catalyst in Suzuki and Stille C-C coupling reactions. The structure of this magnetic nanocatalyst was determined using various techniques such as SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDS, ICP-OES, VSM, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, XRD, and TGA. In both of the mentioned coupling paths, the yields of the products were very favorable and ranged from 90 to 98%. Also, they had significant features compared to previous reports, such as very short reaction time (5-15 and 7-20 min respectively in the Suzuki and Stille reactions), easy work-up, broad substrate scope, ease of separation of the catalyst using a magnet, suitable reproducibility of the catalyst in 6 runs, heterogeneous nature of the catalyst and not washing it during consecutive runs with confirmation of hot filtration and ICP-OES methods.

Critical roles of long noncoding RNA H19 in cancer.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a category of noncoding RNAs characterized by their length, often exceeding 200 nucleotides. There is a growing body of data that indicate the significant involvement of lncRNAs in a wide range of disorders, including cancer. lncRNA H19 was among the initial lncRNAs to be identified and is transcribed from the H19 gene. The H19 lncRNA exhibits significant upregulation in a diverse range of human malignancies, such as breast, colorectal, pancreatic, glioma, and gastric cancer. Moreover, the overexpression of H19 is frequently associated with a worse prognosis among individuals diagnosed with cancer. H19 has been shown to have a role in facilitating several cellular processes, including cell proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, and apoptosis. This article summarizes the aberrant upregulation of H19 in human malignancies, indicating promising avenues for future investigations on cancer diagnostics and therapeutic interventions.

Ultrasonic synthesis of green lipid nanocarriers loaded with Scutellaria barbata extract: a sustainable approach for enhanced anticancer and antibacterial therapy.

Ultrasonic manufacturing has emerged as a promising eco-friendly approach to synthesize lipid-based nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery. This study presents the novel ultrasonic preparation of lipid nanocarriers loaded with Scutellaria barbata extract, repurposed for anticancer and antibacterial use. High-frequency ultrasonic waves enabled the precise self-assembly of DSPE-PEG, Span 40, and cholesterol to form nanocarriers encapsulating the therapeutic extract without the use of toxic solvents, exemplifying green nanotechnology. Leveraging the inherent anticancer and antibacterial properties of Scutellaria barbata, the study demonstrates that lipid encapsulation enhances the bioavailability and controlled release of the extract, which is vital for its therapeutic efficacy. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed the increase in size and successful encapsulation post-loading, along with an augmented negative zeta potential indicating enhanced stability. A high encapsulation efficiency of 91.93% was achieved, and in vitro assays revealed the loaded nanocarriers' optimized release kinetics and improved antimicrobial potency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, compared to the free extract. The combination of ultrasonic synthesis and Scutellaria barbata in an eco-friendly manufacturing process not only advances green nanotechnology but also contributes to sustainable practices in pharmaceutical manufacturing. The data suggest that this innovative nanocarrier system could provide a robust platform for the development of nanotechnology-based therapeutics, enhancing drug delivery efficacy while aligning with environmental sustainability.

Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4/CCX-CKR): A comprehensive exploration across physiological and pathological landscapes in contemporary research.

Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4), also known as CCX-CKR, is a member of the chemokine receptor family that lacks typical G protein signaling activity. Instead, ACKR4 functions as a scavenger receptor that can bind and internalize a wide range of chemokines, influencing their availability and activity in the body. ACKR4 is involved in various physiological processes, such as immune cell trafficking and the development of thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Moreover, ACKR4 has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, heart and lung diseases. In cancer, ACKR4 plays a complex role, acting as a tumor suppressor or promoter depending on the type of cancer and the stage of the disease. For instance, ACKR4 may inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer, but it may also promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and gastric cancer. In inflammatory situations, ACKR4 has been found to modulate the recruitment and activation of immune cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of diseases such as myocardial infraction and pulmonary sarcoidosis. The study of ACKR4 is still ongoing, and further research is needed to fully understand its role in different physiological and pathological contexts. Nonetheless, ACKR4 represents a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

Therapeutic significance of long noncoding RNAs in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

About 70% of cases of breast cancer are compromised by Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Through its regulation of several processes, including cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis, Estrogen signaling plays a pivotal role in the genesis and progression of this particular kind of breast cancer. One of the best treatment strategies for treating Estrogen-positive breast cancer is blocking Estrogen signaling. However, patients' treatment failure is mainly caused by the emergence of resistance and metastases, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic targets. Numerous studies have shown long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) to play a role in Estrogen-mediated carcinogenesis. These lncRNAs interact with co-regulators and the Estrogen signaling cascade components, primarily due to Estrogen activation. Vimentin and E-cadherin are examples of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers, and they regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, such as Cyclins, to affect the growth, proliferation, and metastasis of Estrogen-positive breast cancer. Furthermore, a few of these lncRNAs contribute to developing resistance to chemotherapy, making them more desirable targets for enhancing results. Thus, to shed light on the creation of fresh approaches for treating this cancer, this review attempts to compile recently conducted studies on the relationship between lncRNAs and the advancement of Estrogen-positive breast cancer.

The mechanisms behind the dual role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis suppressor-1 in human tumors: Shedding light on the molecular mechanisms.

When the expression levels of metastasis suppressor-1 (MTSS1) were discovered to be downregulated in a metastatic cancer cell line in 2002, it was proposed that MTSS1 functioned as a suppressor of metastasis. The 755 amino acid long protein MTSS1 connects to actin and organizes the cytoskeleton. Its gene is located on human chromosome 8q24. The suppressor of metastasis in metastatic cancer was first found to be MTSS1. Subsequent reports revealed that MTSS1 is linked to the prevention of metastasis in a variety of cancer types, including hematopoietic cancers like diffuse large B cell lymphoma and esophageal, pancreatic, and stomach cancers. Remarkably, conflicting results have also been documented. For instance, it has been reported that MTSS1 expression levels are elevated in a subset of melanomas, hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis B, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and lung squamous cell carcinoma. This article provides an overview of the pathological effects of lncRNA MTSS1 dysregulation in cancer. In order to facilitate the development of MTSS1-based therapeutic targeting, we also shed light on the current understanding of MTS1.

Two effective factors in cancer: Investigating the effect of ncRNAs in cancer and also the effect of nanotherapy in its treatment.

Cancer remains one of the most pressing health challenges globally, necessitating ongoing research into innovative therapeutic approaches. This article explores two critical factors influencing cancer: ncRNAs and nanotherapy. The role of ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, in cancer pathogenesis, progression, and treatment resistance is elucidated. Additionally, the potential of nanotherapy, leveraging nanoscale materials for targeted drug delivery and enhanced therapeutic efficacy, is investigated. By comprehensively analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying ncRNA dysregulation and the promise of nanotherapy in cancer treatment, this article aims to provide valuable insights into novel therapeutic strategies for combating cancer.

Optimization by Box-Behnken design for environmental contaminants removal using magnetic nanocomposite.

In this study, a CoO-Fe2O3/SiO2/TiO2 (CIST) nanocomposite was synthesized and utilized as an adsorbent to remove methylene blue (MB), malachite green (MG), and copper (Cu) from aqueous environments. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Input parameters included pH (3-10), contact time (10-30 min), adsorbent amount (0.01-0.03 g), and pollutant concentration (20-60 mg L-1). The effects of these parameters on the removal process efficiency were modeled and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) based on the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The RSM-BBD method demonstrated the capability to develop a second-degree polynomial model with high validity (R2 ˃ 0.99) for the removal process. The optimization results using the RSM-BBD method revealed a removal efficiency of 98.01%, 93.06%, and 88.26% for MB, MG, and Cu, respectively, under optimal conditions. These conditions were a pH of 6, contact time of 10 min, adsorbent amount of 0.025 g, and concentration of 20 mg L-1. The synthesized adsorbent was recovered through five consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles using hydrochloric acid. The results showed an approximately 12% reduction from the first to the seventh cycle. Also, MB, MG, and Cu removal from real water samples in optimal conditions was achieved in the range of 81.69-98.18%. This study demonstrates the potential use of CIST nanocomposite as an accessible and reusable option for removing MB, MG, and Cu pollutants from aquatic environments.

The interaction between lncRNAs and transcription factors regulating autophagy in human cancers: A comprehensive and therapeutical survey.

Autophagy, as a highly conserved cellular process, participates in cellular homeostasis by degradation and recycling of damaged organelles and proteins. Besides, autophagy has been evidenced to play a dual role through cancer initiation and progression. In the early stage, it may have a tumor-suppressive function through inducing apoptosis and removing damaged cells and organelles. However, late stages promote tumor progression by maintaining stemness features and induction of chemoresistance. Therefore, identifying and targeting molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy is a potential therapeutic strategy for human cancers. Multiple transcription factors (TFs) are involved in the regulation of autophagy by modulating the expression of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). In addition, a wide array of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a group of regulatory ncRNAs, have been evidenced to regulate the function of these autophagy-related TFs through tumorigenesis. Subsequently, the lncRNAs/TFs/ATGs axis shows great potential as a therapeutic target for human cancers. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize new findings about the role of lncRNAs in regulating autophagy-related TFs with therapeutic perspectives.

Choline chloride/urea as a green and efficient deep eutectic solvent in three-component and four-component synthesis of novel pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives with antibacterial and antifungal activity.

In this study, choline chloride/urea was used as a green deep eutectic solvent in the three-component reaction of hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrazole derivatives, and in the four-component reaction of methyl/ethyl acetoacetate, hydrazine/phenylhydrazine, malononitrile, and aromatic aldehydes for synthesizing pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. Elemental analysis, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives. The antimicrobial effects of the synthesized pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c] pyrazole derivatives were investigated. In antimicrobial tests, instructions from clinical and laboratory standards institutes were used. Antimicrobial study was done on pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative species, and specialized aquatic strains and fungal species. Using choline chloride/urea, novel pyrazole derivatives and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives were synthesized, and other derivatives were synthesized with higher efficiency in less time than some previously reported methods. MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) obtained for derivatives were higher than some antibiotic drugs. Synthesis and reports of new derivatives of pyrazole and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole, and investigation and reports of their antimicrobial properties on gram-positive, gram-negative, and specialized aquatic and fungal species are among the novel and important findings of this study.

A therapeutical insight into the correlation between circRNAs and signaling pathways involved in cancer pathogenesis.

Pre-messenger RNA molecules are back-spliced to create circular RNAs, which are non-coding RNA molecules. After a thorough investigation, it was discovered that these circRNAs have critical biological roles. CircRNAs have a variety of biological functions, including their ability to operate as microRNA sponges, interact with proteins to alter their stabilities and activities, and provide templates for the translation of proteins. Evidence supports a link between the emergence of numerous diseases, including various cancer types, and dysregulated circRNA expression. It is commonly known that a significant contributing element to cancer development is the disruption of numerous molecular pathways essential for preserving cellular and tissue homeostasis. The dysregulation of multiple biological processes is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and the molecular pathways linked to these processes are thought to be promising targets for therapeutic intervention. The biological and carcinogenic effects of circRNAs in the context of cancer are thoroughly reviewed in this article. Specifically, we highlight circRNAs' involvement in signal transduction pathways and their possible use as novel biomarkers for the early identification and prognosis of human cancer.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Lawsone and Nanoparticles in Cancer and Infectious Disease Management.

Lawsone, a naturally occurring compound found in henna, has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its diverse biological activities. In recent years, its nanoparticle-based structure has gained attention in cancer and infectious disease research. This review explores the therapeutic potential of lawsone and its nanoparticles in the context of cancer and infectious diseases. Lawsone exhibits promising anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell proliferation, while its nanoparticle formulations enhance targeted delivery and efficacy. Moreover, lawsone demonstrates significant antimicrobial effects against various pathogens. The unique physicochemical properties of lawsone nanoparticles enable efficient cellular uptake and targeted delivery. Potential applications in combination therapy and personalized medicine open new avenues for cancer and infectious disease treatment. While clinical trials are needed to validate their safety and efficacy, lawsone-based nanoparticles offer hope in addressing unmet medical needs and revolutionizing therapeutic approaches.

Magnetic nanocomposite based on chitosan-gelatin hydrogel embedded with copper oxide nanoparticles: A novel and promising catalyst for the synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives.

Nanocatalysts are vital in several domains, such as chemical processes, energy generation, energy preservation, and environmental pollution mitigation. An experimental study was conducted at room temperature to evaluate the catalytic activity of the new gelatin-chitosan hydrogel/CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite in the asymmetric Hantzsch reaction. All components of the nanocomposite exhibit a synergistic effect as a Lewis acid, promote the reaction. Dimedone, ammonium acetate, ethyl acetoacetate, and other substituted aldehydes were used to synthesize diverse polyhydroquinoline derivatives. The nanocomposite exhibited exceptional efficacy (over 90 %) and durability (retaining 80 % of its original capacity after 5 cycles) as a catalyst in the one-pot asymmetric synthesis of polyhydroquinoline derivatives. Also, turnover numbers (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) have been checked for catalyst (TON and TOF = 50,261 and 100,524 h-1) and products. The experiment demonstrated several benefits, such as exceptional product efficacy, rapid reaction time, functioning at ambient temperature without specific requirements, and effortless separation by the use of an external magnet after the reaction is finished. The results suggest the development of a magnetic nanocatalyst with exceptional performance. The composition of the Ge-CS hydrogel/CuO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite was thoroughly analyzed using several methods including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, VSM, BET, and TGA. These analyses yielded useful information into the composition and characteristics of the nanocomposite, hence further enhancing the knowledge of its possible uses.

Mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles as emerging therapeutic tools in the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a neurological condition characterized by severe long-term consequences and an unfavorable prognosis for numerous patients. Despite advancements in stroke treatment, existing therapeutic approaches possess certain limitations. However, accumulating evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) hold promise as a potential therapy for various neurological disorders, including IS, owing to their advantageous properties, such as immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. Additionally, MSCs primarily exert their therapeutic effects through the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), highlighting the significance of their paracrine activities. These EVs are small double-layered phospholipid membrane vesicles, carrying a diverse cargo of proteins, lipids, and miRNAs that enable effective cell-to-cell communication. Notably, EVs have emerged as attractive substitutes for stem cell therapy due to their reduced immunogenicity, lower tumorigenic potential, and ease of administration and handling. Hence, this review summarizes the current preclinical and clinical studies performed to investigate the safety and therapeutic potential of MSCs and their EVs derived from different sources, including bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, and Wharton's jelly in IS.

A review of recent advancement in covalent organic framework (COFs) synthesis and characterization with a focus on their applications in antibacterial activity.

The primary objective of this review is to present a comprehensive examination of the synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial applications of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). COFs represent a distinct category of porous materials characterized by a blend of advantageous features, including customizable pore dimensions, substantial surface area, and adaptable chemical properties. These attributes position COFs as promising contenders for various applications, notably in the realm of antibacterial activity. COFs exhibit considerable potential in the domain of antibacterial applications, owing to their amenability to functionalization with antibacterial agents. The scientific community is actively exploring COFs that have been imbued with metal ions, such as copper or silver, given their observed robust antibacterial properties. These investigations strongly suggest that COFs could be harnessed effectively as potent antibacterial agents across a diverse array of applications. Finally, COFs hold immense promise as a novel class of materials for antibacterial applications, shedding light on the synthesis, characterization, and functionalization of COFs tailored for specific purposes. The potential of COFs as effective antibacterial agents beckons further exploration and underscores their potential to revolutionize antibacterial strategies in various domains.

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) PVT1 in drug resistance of cancers: Focus on pathological mechanisms.

According to estimates, cancer will be the leading cause of death globally in 2022, accounting for 9.6 million deaths. At present, the three main therapeutic modalities utilized to treat cancer are radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. However, during treatment, tumor cells resistant to chemotherapy may arise. Drug resistance remains a major oppose since it often leads to therapeutic failure. Furthermore, the term "acquired drug resistance" describes the situation where tumor cells already display drug resistance before undergoing chemotherapy. However, little is still known about the basic mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced drug resistance. The development of new technologies and bioinformatics has led to the discovery of additional genes associated with drug resistance. Long noncoding RNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, according to a growing body of research. Apart from biological functions associated with cell division, development, pluripotency, and cell cycle, lncRNA PVT1 contributes significantly to the regulation of various aspects of genome function, such as transcription, splicing, and epigenetics. The article will address the mechanism by which lncRNA PVT1 influences drug resistance in cancer cells.

Overcoming drug resistance with specific nano scales to targeted therapy: Focused on metastatic cancers.

Metastatic cancer, which accounts for the majority of cancer fatalities, is a difficult illness to treat. Currently used cancer treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and targeted treatment (immune, gene, and hormonal). The disadvantages of these treatments include a high risk of tumor recurrence and surgical complications that may result in permanent deformities. On the other hand, most chemotherapy drugs are small molecules, which usually have unfavorable side effects, low absorption, poor selectivity, and multi-drug resistance. Anticancer drugs can be delivered precisely to the cancer spot by encapsulating them to reduce side effects. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers can be used for drug release at cancer sites and provide target-specific delivery. As previously stated, metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality. We have evaluated the usage of nano-medications in the treatment of some metastatic tumors.

Tumor-derived lncRNAs: Behind-the-scenes mediators that modulate the immune system and play a role in cancer pathogenesis.

Having been involved in complex cellular regulatory networks and cell-to-cell communications, non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have become functional carriers that transmit information between cells and tissues, modulate tumor microenvironments, encourage angiogenesis and invasion, and make tumor cells more resistant to drugs. Immune cells' exosomal lncRNAs may be introduced into tumor cells to influence the tumor's course and the treatment's effectiveness. Research has focused on determining if non-coding RNAs affect many target genes to mediate regulating recipient cells. The tumor microenvironment's immune and cancer cells are influenced by lncRNAs, which may impact a treatment's efficacy. The lncRNA-mediated interaction between cancer cells and immune cells invading the tumor microenvironment has been the subject of numerous recent studies. On the other hand, tumor-derived lncRNAs' control over the immune system has not gotten much attention and is still a relatively new area of study. Tumor-derived lncRNAs are recognized to contribute to tumor immunity, while the exact mechanism is unclear.

Role of genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cell exosomes and LncRNAs in respiratory diseases treatment.

The term acute respiratory disease encompasses a wide range of acute lung diseases, which in recent years have been ranked among the top three deadly diseases in the world. Since conventional treatment methods, including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, have had no significant effect on the treatment process of these diseases, the attention of the medical community has been drawn to alternative methods. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotential stem/progenitor cells that have extensive immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties and also play a critical role in the microenvironment of injured tissue. MSC secretomes (containing large extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, and exosomes) are a newly introduced option for cell-free therapies that can circumvent the hurdles of cell-based therapies while maintaining the therapeutic role of MSC themselves. The therapeutic capabilities of MSCs have been showed in many acute respiratory diseases, including chronic respiratory disease (CRD), novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID -19), and pneumonia. MSCs offer novel therapeutic approaches for chronic and acute lung diseases due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of MSC-derived products in preclinical models of lung diseases and highlight the biologically active compounds present in the MSC secretome and their mechanisms involved in anti-inflammatory activity and tissue regeneration.